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1、1LaboratoryDiagnosis2CategoryofSampleBlood,Urine,Stool,nasalwashing,nasalswab,throatswab,saliva,sputum,rectalswab,vesiclefluid(scrapingorswab),tissue,brainbiopsy,cerebrospinalfluid,etal.3LaboratoryDiagnosisMicroscopyIdentificationVirusisolationandidentifi
2、cationDetectionofviralproteins(antigensandenzymes)]DetectionofviralgeneticmaterialSerologicprocedures4MicroscopyIdentificationLightmicroscopyFluorescentmicroscopyElectronmicroscopy5LightmicroscopyCharacteristicCPEInclusionBodies6CelldeathCellroundingDegen
3、erationAggregationLossofattachmentstosubstrateCharacteristichistologicalchanges:inclusionbodiesinthenucleusorcytoplasm,marginationofchromatinSyncytia:multinucleatedgiantcellscausedbyvirus-inducedcell-cellfusion7FluorescentmicroscopyFluorescent-antibodysta
4、ining8ElectronmicroscopyDirectdetection:Humanrotavirus;HAV;HBV;Smallpoxvirus;Herpesvirus.ImmuneElectronmicroscopy:Humanrotavirus;HAV;9LaboratoryDiagnosisMicroscopyIdentificationVirusisolationandidentificationDetectionofviralproteins(antigensandenzymes)]De
5、tectionofviralgeneticmaterialSerologicprocedures10ViralisolationandIdentificationViralGrowthandCellcultureViralDetectionViralIdentificationInterpretationofcultureresults11SystemsforthePropagationofVirusesPeopleAnimals:cows,chickens,mice,rats,sucklingmiceE
6、mbryonatedeggsOrganandtissuecultureOrganculturePrimarytissuecultureCelllines:diploidTumoror（immortalized）cellline12ViraldetectionCPEHemadsorptionInterfereMetabolizeofcell13TCID50 (Tissuecultureinfectivedose)TCID50isdefinedasthatdilutionofviruswhichwillcau
7、seCPEin50%ofagivenbatchofcellcultureTCID50=log10ofhighestdilutiongiving100%CPE+1/2–(totalnumberoftestunitsshowingCPE)/(numberoftestunitsperdilution)14ViralidentificationComplementfixation：HemagglutinationinhibitionNeutralizationImmunofluorescence(director
8、indirect)LatexagglutinationInsituEIAELISARIA(radioimmuno15LaboratoryDiagnosisMicroscopyIdentificationVirusisolationandidentificationDetectionofviralproteins(antigensandenzymes)DetectionofviralgeneticmaterialSerologi
