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1、Title:HowareCooperativePrincipleandPolitenessPrinciplesimilaranddifferent?兩項(xiàng)原則是TwoPrinciples:Pragmaticsisacomparativelynewbranchofstudyintheareaoflinguistics.Ageneraldefinitionisthatitisthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.Itdealsw
2、ithhowutteranceshavemeaningsinsituations.Studyingpragmaticsisveryimportant.Itenablesustounderstandwhatthenatureoflanguageitselfisandhowlanguageisusedincommunication.Inordertocreateaneffectiveconversation,peopledofollowsomeprinciplesduringtheirconversation.Asfollows:a.J.
3、Austin:SpeechActTheory（言語行為理論）b.P.Grice:CooperativePrinciple（合作原則）c.G.Leech:PolitenessPrinciple（禮貌原則）d.SperberandWilson:RelevanceTheory（關(guān)聯(lián)理論）AndtheCooperativePrinciple(CP)andPolitenessPrinciple(PP)areamongthosemostfamiliarones.哲學(xué)家對(duì)語言的興趣源于他們對(duì)語言邏輯的研究。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)嚴(yán)密的形式邏輯不能完全結(jié)實(shí)自然語言
4、，自然語言似乎具有它自己不合乎形式邏輯的“邏輯”：合作原則是什么：TheCooperativePrinciple(CP)Weknowthatquiteoftenaspeakercanmeanalotmorethanwhatissaid.Theproblemistoexplainhowthespeakercanmanagetoconveymorethanwhatissaidandhowthehearercanarriveatthespeaker’smeaning.H.P.Gricebelievesthattheremustbesomem
5、echanismsgoverningtheproductioncomprehensionoftheseutterances.Hesuggeststhatthereisasetofassumptionsguidingtheconductofconversation.ThisiswhathecallstheCooperativePrinciple(CP).TheCPmeansthatweshouldsaywhatistrueinaclearandrelevantmanner.Tobemorespecific,therearefourmax
6、imsunderthisgeneralprinciple:ThemaximofquantityThemaximofqualityThemaximofrelationThemaximofmanner為了更有效更成功地完成交流活動(dòng)，在會(huì)話中，人們通常會(huì)遵循一些特定的準(zhǔn)則。進(jìn)行對(duì)話，參與者必須首先有意愿去合作，否則，會(huì)話將難以進(jìn)行下去。Grice將這個(gè)準(zhǔn)則叫做合作原則(Cooperative?Principle)。指交談雙方在會(huì)話中所貫徹的尊重對(duì)方、維護(hù)友好的原則主要包括四大準(zhǔn)則：數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則、質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則、關(guān)聯(lián)準(zhǔn)則、方式準(zhǔn)則。禮貌原則是什么：Th
7、ePolitenessPrinciple(PP)Theprincipleofpolitenesscanexplainthephenomenonofcooperationprinciplefromanotherperspective.CPmaximcanbeviolatedforvariousreasons.Forexample,thespeakerwantstomisleadthehearer,thatis,tolie,orthespeakerdoesnotpossesstheadequateamountofinformationhe
8、isexpectedtoprovide,orthespeakersimplydoesnotwanttogoonwiththeconversation.ThenwecanusePPtoexplain.PPfocuseson
