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1、PluripotencyofEmbryonicStemCellsJayantiTokas1,PuneetTokas2,ShailiniJain3,HariomYadav31DepartmentofBiotechnology,JMIT,Radaur,Haryana,India2KITM,Kurukshetra,Haryana,India3NIDDK,NationalInstituteofHealth,Bethesda,MD20892,USAEmail:yadavhariom@gmail.comStem
2、CellsStemcellsaremastercellswithtwoimportantcharacteristicsUnspecializedcellscapableoftheirownrenewalAbilitytodifferentiateintodifferentcelltypesThestemcellsmayhavevariousdifferentiationpotentialsTotipotentPluripotentMultipotentUnipotentPluripotentStem
3、CellsPluriderivedfromlatinwordplures–meansseveralormanyMostcommonlythetermisusedtodescribestemcellsthatgiverisetocellsderivedfromallthreeembryonicgermPluripotentStemCellsEmbryonicstemcellsEmbryoniccarcinomacellsEmbryonicgermcellsTypesofPluripotentStemC
4、ellsAbnormalkaryotypes,GermlinetransmissionunlikelyUndergospontaneousdifferentiationUnabletosupportnormaldevelopmentduetoepigeneticmodificationsduringPGCsPluripotentcellsPartiallyunderstood GreatpotentialPrimordialgermCellsBlastocystFetusAdultZygoteTer
5、atomasInnercellmass(ICM)EmbryonicStemCellsEmbryonicGermCellsEmbryonicCarcinomaCellsOriginsofpluripotentcellsImmortalityUndifferentiationClonalityBroaddevelopmentalpotentialCriteriaforpluripotencyDemonstrationofpluripotencyInvitroDifferentiationtriggere
6、dwhengrowninsuspension,EmbryoidBodyformationb)Differentcellsobtainedspontaneouslyc)SpecificgrowthfactorscanbeusedtodirectthedifferentiationofEScellsintospecificcellsa)Teratomaformationwheninjectedintonudemouseb)Wheninjectedintohostblastocysts,theEScell
7、sintegrate,proliferateanddifferentiateintoallgermlineagesincludinggermcellsInvivoRegulationofpluripotencyinEScells“PluripotencyismaintainedbypromotionofproliferationandInhibitingdifferentiation”RequireotherprocessesESCellspluripotencyTranscriptionFacto
8、rsEpigeneticmodificationsStagespecificfunctioningTargetgenes/receptorsrequiredFactorsRequiredNanogOct3/4Sox2LIFc-MycKlf4Zic3CoreregulatorycircuitryinEScellsActivationoftargetgenesNanogTranscriptionfactorcontaininghomeoboxdomainDownstrea
