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1、LifeontheAmericanfrontier?I.introductionLifeontheAmericanfrontier,dailylifeinthenewsettlementsthatformedastheUnitedStatesexpandedwesttothePacificOcean,southtotheGulfofMexico,andnorthtoAlaska.Thewestwardmovementacrossthecontinentbeganduringthecolonialerainthe1600’sand
2、continuedintothe1900’s.?Althougheachfrontierposeditsownsetofproblems,allsharedcertaincharacteristics.Settlersonthefrontierlivedonlandsthatweresparselypopulated.Theyfacedmanychallenges—includinghowtoproducefood,howtoprotectthemselves,andhowtocreatealifeinthenewland.To
3、meetthesedemands,theyoftenfounditnecessarytorecast(重鑄)completelythecustomsandlawstheyhadbroughtwiththem.?Thesettlerswerethrownintocloseassociationwithnatureandhavetolearnhowtoliveonnature’sterms.Lifealongthefrontierwasbuiltaroundsurvivalneedsandrequiredthatpeoplebein
4、goodphysicalcondition.Physicalstrengthandhardinesshelpedapersonsurvivetheroughelementsofthefrontiersuchastheweatherandwildlife.Itwasalsoimportantforpeopletoknowhowtofarm,cutwoods,andhandleagunorarifle.?Thefrontiersettlersoftenbegantheirlifewithonlybarenecessities.Whe
5、nafamilyfirstarrivedinanewarea,theyoftenbuiltatemporaryshelterinwhichtolivewhiletheyclearedtheland.Laterthefamilymightbuildamorepermanentcabin.Frontierlifecalledonpeopletobeself-reliant.Thesettlershadtogettheirownfood,maketheirbelongingslast,andimprovise(臨時做)andrepai
6、rtheirtools.?Oncethiswasdone,theywouldtrytoimprovetheirsituation.Theywouldtrytofindneighbors,andbuildschoolsandstores.?Althoughfrontierlifedemandedself-reliance,settlersoftenneededgovernmenthelp.Astheirlifeimproved,theyturnedtothegovernmenttohelpimprovethenewregionby
7、buildingroads,recommendingcrops,runningsurveys,certifyingclaims,anddredging(疏通)creeks.TheyalsowantedthefederalgovernmenttoprovideprotectionforthemfromNativeAmericans.II.Frontiertool?Onthefrontier,toolsvariedwithtime,place,andoccupation.Inagriculture,ofcourse,settlers
8、dependedontheplow.Iftheyturnedtoranching,theyneededalariat(orrope),abranding(烙印)iron,andapairofpliers(鉗子).Iftheytookupmining,theyca
