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1、WhyNationsFailBasedonWhyNationsFail:TheOriginsofPower,ProsperityandPovertybyDaronAcemogluandJamesA.RobinsonDaronAcemogluMITNovember21,20111IntroductionTheLayoftheLandGDPpercapita,2008,USDNoData<$2,000$2,000-$7,500$7,500-$20,000$20,000-$50,0002IntroductionTheLayoftheLand(continued)WesternOffsho
2、ots1098loggdppercapita7WesternEuropeLatinAmericaAsiaAfrica6100012001400160018002000yearFigure:TheevolutionofaverageGDPpercapitainWesternO¤shoots,WesternEurope,LatinAmerica,AsiaandAfrica,1000-2000.2TheBeginningTheBeginning—LatinAmericaJuanDíazdeSolíscolonizesRíodelaPlatain1516,‘RiverofSilver’an
3、dPedrodeMendozafoundsBuenosAiresin1534.ButSolísanddeMendozaunabletoenslaveandputtoworkthehuntergathererIndiansofthearea,CharrúasandtheQuerandí.StarvingSpaniardssoonleftthearea.In1537,JuandeAyolasfoundthesedentaryandmoredenselysettledGuaraníuptheParanáriver,inParaguay.TheSpaniardscouldsuccessfu
4、llytakeovertheGuaraníhierarchy,enslavethemandputthemtoworktoproducefoodforthem.AverysimilarpatterntothecolonizationoftheAztecsandtheIncas.3IntroductionTheBeginning
5、SpanishColonialMapVenezuelaGuyanaColombiaSurinameFrenchGuianaEcuadorPeruCajamarcaBrazilCuscoBoliviaPotosiParaguayAsuncionUruguayBu
6、enosAiresChileArgentinaModernboundariesIncaEmpireMitaboundaryIncaroadnetworkChileColonialcities4TheBeginningTheBeginning—UnitedStatesColonizationattemptsofVirginiaCompanyinJamestowninearly17thcentury,attemptingtore-createanauthoritarian,“extractive”regime:“Nomanorwomanshallrunawayfromthecolony
7、totheIndians,uponpainofdeath.Anyonewhorobsagarden,publicorprivate,oravineyard,orwhostealsearsofcornshallbepunishedwithdeath.Nomemberofthecolonywillsellorgiveanycommodityofthiscountrytoacaptain,mariner,masterorsailortotransportoutofthecolony,forhisownprivateuses,uponpainofdeath.”[fromthelawspas
8、sedbySirThomasGatesandSirThomasDale].ButtheCompanywasunsuccessful—itcouldnotforcetheEnglishsettlersintoganglaborandlowwages.4TheBeginningTheBeginning—UnitedStates(continued)TheCompanyswitchedtothe‘headrightsystem’givingallsettlers50acre
