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1、LaserSpectroscopyVol.1FourtheditionWolfgangDemtr?derLaserSpectroscopyVol.1:BasicPrinciplesFourthedition123WolfgangDemtr?derUniversit?tKaiserslauternFachbereichPhysikErwin-Schr?dinger-Strasse4667663KaiserslauternGermanydemtroed@rhrk.uni-kl.deISBN978-3-540-73415-4e-ISBN978-3-540-73418-5DOI10.1007/
2、978-3-540-73418-5LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2007939486?2008,2003,1996,1981Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelbergThisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,speci?callytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,r
3、eproductiononmicro?lmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.DuplicationofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCop
4、yrightLaw.Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspeci?cstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.Coverdesign:F.Steinen-Broo,eStudioCalamar,Girona/SpainTypesett
5、ingandProduction:le-texpublishingservicesoHG,LeipzigPrintedonacid-freepaper987654321springer.comPrefacetotheFourthEditionNearly50yearsaftertherealizationofthe?rstlaserin1960,laserspec-troscopyisstillaveryintense?eldofresearchwhichhasexpandedwithremarkableprogressintomanyareasofscience,medicinean
6、dtechnology,andhasprovidedanever-increasingnumberofapplications.Theimportanceoflaserspectroscopyanditsappreciationbymanypeopleis,forinstance,provedbythefactthatoverthelasttenyearsthreeNobelPrizeshavebeenawardedtoninescientistsinthe?eldoflaserspectroscopyandquantumoptics.Thispositivedevelopmentis
7、partlybasedonnewexperimentaltechniques,suchasimprovementsofexistinglasersandtheinventionofnewlasertypes,therealizationofopticalparametricoscillatorsandampli?ersinthefem-tosecondrange,thegenerationofattosecondpulses,therevolu
