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1、太湖流域農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染治理的對(duì)策研究管栩(南京師范大學(xué)地理科學(xué)學(xué)院,南京210046)摘要:農(nóng)村面源污染在很多區(qū)域已超出了點(diǎn)源污染對(duì)水環(huán)境的危害程度。但到目前為止,農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染問題仍沒有引起社會(huì)的廣泛關(guān)注,政策法規(guī)滯后。本文通過(guò)調(diào)查對(duì)太湖各湖區(qū)水質(zhì)進(jìn)行調(diào)查,分析近年來(lái)水質(zhì)變化的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù),探討太湖流域內(nèi)農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染發(fā)生的途徑,結(jié)合區(qū)域農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)管理的現(xiàn)狀,借鑒國(guó)內(nèi)外面源污染的管控經(jīng)驗(yàn),從工程治理、農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)布局優(yōu)化和經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵(lì)措施等方面構(gòu)建了太湖水治理的對(duì)策。關(guān)鍵詞:面源污染太湖治理對(duì)策Theresearch
2、ofthecountermeasuresonagriculturalnon-pointsourcepollutioninTaihuLakeGuanxu(NanjingNormalUniversity,Nanjing210046)Abstract:Ruralnon-pointsourcepollutionhasreplacedpointsourcepollutionasanimportantsourceofwaterpollution.Butnon-pointsourcepollutionhasnot
3、beenwidespreadconcernedbythecommunitysofar,thepoliciesandregulationsonagriculturalnonpointsourcepollutioncontrolareseriouslylaggingbehind.ThispaperinvestigatesthewaterqualityofTaihuLakeandanalysisthechangesinwaterquality.Thenthepaperresearchedthemeansi
4、nagriculturalnonpointsourcepollutionandcombinethestatusofregionalagriculturalproductionandmanagement,drawonthenon-pointsourcepollutioncontrolexperienceofhomeandabroad.Thepaperdescribedcountermeasuresonagriculturalnon-pointsourcepollutioninTaihuLakefrom
5、projectgovernance,agricultureandeconomicmeasures.Keywords:non-pointsourcepollutionTaihuLakecountermeasures40目錄1.緒論41.1研究背景41.2國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀41.2.1國(guó)內(nèi)外綜述41.2.2國(guó)外研究現(xiàn)狀41.2.3國(guó)內(nèi)研究現(xiàn)狀41.3本課題研究?jī)?nèi)容52.太湖水質(zhì)情況52.1太湖簡(jiǎn)介52.2太湖水質(zhì)情況52.2.1太湖年度水質(zhì)情況62.2.2太湖月度水質(zhì)情況72.3太湖九大湖區(qū)82.3.1湖區(qū)
6、各月份水質(zhì)情況92.3.2湖區(qū)各月份富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化情況92.3.3湖區(qū)各月份藍(lán)藻情況102.4湖區(qū)水質(zhì)分析102.4.1入湖河流102.4.2湖區(qū)水生生物情況112.4.3湖區(qū)水質(zhì)總結(jié)113.面源污染途徑123.1太湖面源污染綜述123.2農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染途徑123.2.1種植業(yè)污染123.2.1.1化肥污染123.2.1.2農(nóng)藥污染123.2.2養(yǎng)殖業(yè)污染123.2.2.1禽畜養(yǎng)殖污染123.2.2.2水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖污染133.3農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染排放系數(shù)133.4各湖區(qū)面源污染133.4.1各湖區(qū)地理特征133.4.
7、2各湖區(qū)污染情況144.國(guó)內(nèi)外治理經(jīng)驗(yàn)144.1國(guó)外農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染治理途徑144.1.1美國(guó)治理措施144.1.1.1政策措施154.1.1.2經(jīng)濟(jì)措施15404.1.1.3工程項(xiàng)目措施154.1.1.4技術(shù)措施154.1.2歐盟治理措施154.1.2.1政策措施154.1.2.2經(jīng)濟(jì)措施164.1.2.3技術(shù)措施164.2國(guó)內(nèi)治理措施164.2.1宣傳措施164.2.2工程項(xiàng)目措施164.2.3技術(shù)措施165.治理措施175.1生態(tài)工程措施175.1.1生態(tài)坑塘175.1.1.1生態(tài)坑塘功能175.
8、1.1.2設(shè)計(jì)模式185.1.1.3設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)例185.1.2生態(tài)溝渠185.1.2.1生態(tài)溝渠功能195.1.2.2設(shè)計(jì)模式195.1.3濱岸緩沖帶195.1.3.1濱岸緩沖帶功能195.1.3.2設(shè)計(jì)要求195.1.3.3設(shè)計(jì)模式205.2農(nóng)業(yè)優(yōu)化措施205.2.1種植業(yè)205.2.1.1保持水田面積205.2.1.2旱地栽培大幅壓縮215.2.1.3園地生產(chǎn)保持穩(wěn)定215.2.2畜禽養(yǎng)殖業(yè)215.2.3淡水養(yǎng)殖215.3經(jīng)濟(jì)稅費(fèi)措施215.3.1農(nóng)戶補(bǔ)貼215.3.