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1、18CriticalDiscourseAnalysisTEUNA.VANDIJK0Introduction:WhatIsCriticalDiscourseAnalysis?Criticaldiscourseanalysis(CDA)isatypeofdiscourseanalyticalresearchthatprim-arilystudiesthewaysocialpowerabuse,dominance,andinequalityareenacted,reproduced,andresistedbytextandtalkinth
2、esocialandpoliticalcontext.Withsuchdissidentresearch,criticaldiscourseanalyststakeexplicitposition,andthuswanttounderstand,expose,andultimatelyresistsocialinequality.SomeofthetenetsofCDAcanalreadybefoundinthecriticaltheoryoftheFrankfurtSchoolbeforetheSecondWorldWar(Agg
3、er1992b;Rasmussen1996).Itscurrentfocusonlanguageanddiscoursewasinitiatedwiththe"criticallinguistics"thatemerged(mostlyintheUKandAustralia)attheendofthe1970s(Fowleretal.1979;seealsoMey1985).CDAhasalsocounterpartsin"critical"developmentsinsociolinguistics,psychology,andt
4、hesocialsciences,somealreadydatingbacktotheearly1970s(Birnbaum1971;Calhoun1995;Fay1987;FoxandPrilleltensky1997;Hymes1972;IbanezandIniguez1997;Singh1996;Thomas1993;Turkel1996;Wodak1996).Asisthecaseintheseneighboringdisciplines,CDAmaybeseenasareactionagainstthedominantfo
5、rmal(often"asocial"or"uncritical")paradigmsofthe1960sand1970s.CDAisnotsomuchadirection,school,orspecializationnexttothemanyother"approaches"indiscoursestudies.Rather,itaimstoofferadifferent"mode"or"perspective"oftheorizing,analysis,andapplicationthroughoutthewholefield
6、.Wemayfindamoreorlesscriticalperspectiveinsuchdiverseareasaspragmatics,conversationanalysis,narrativeanalysis,rhetoric,stylistics,sociolinguistics,ethno-graphy,ormediaanalysis,amongothers.Crucialforcriticaldiscourseanalystsistheexplicitawarenessoftheirroleinsoci-ety.Co
7、ntinuingatraditionthatrejectsthepossibilityofa"value-free"science,theyarguethatscience,andespeciallyscholarlydiscourse,areinherentlypartofandinfluencedbysocialstructure,andproducedinsocialinteraction.Insteadofdenyingorignoringsucharelationbetweenscholarshipandsociety,t
8、heypleadthatsuchrelationsbestudiedandaccountedforintheirownright,andthatscholarlypracticesCriticalDiscourseAnalysis35
