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1、WordChoice1.Formalvs.Informal正式/非正式語言學(xué)家Joos曾根據(jù)正式程度（levelofformality）將語言分為五個級別：刻板體frozen，正式體formal，詢議體consultative，隨便體casual，親密體intimate。例：刻：Visitorwouldmaketheirwayatoncetotheupperfloorbywayofthestaircase.正：Visitorsshouldgouptothestairsatonce.詢：Wouldyoumindgoingupstairsrightaway,plea
2、se?隨：Timeyouallwentupstairsnow.親：Upyougo,chaps!刻板體用于專業(yè)書面語或莊嚴(yán)的演講。正式體一般用于書面語或公眾演講，它的主要目的是傳播信息。詢議體屬于中間性的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語體，它用語比較準(zhǔn)確，發(fā)音清楚，句法相當(dāng)完整，語意表達(dá)充分，是其他各種語體的基礎(chǔ)。隨便體用于熟人、朋友和“知情者”，其特點(diǎn)是：一省略句法，二使用俚語。親密體用于最熟悉的人之間，其特點(diǎn)高度刪節(jié)，使用行話jargon.語體的正式程度與交際方式有密切的聯(lián)系。WrittenEnglishtendstobeformal.SpokenEnglishtendstobeinf
3、ormal.舉例：1.You’reextremelytalkative.(formal)Youtalkalot.(informal)You’reanoldwindbag.(slang)2.Atwhattimeshallwedine?(formal)Whendoweeat?(informal)Whendoweputonthefeetbag?(slang)3.Arichwomanwaskilledlastnight.(formal)Someonekilledarichwomanlastnight.(colloquial)4.Throughthewindow,came
4、inthesweetsong.(formal)Thesweetsongcameinthroughthewindow.(colloquial)5.Thecollegerequiresallthestudentstosubmittheiressaybyagiventime.(fl)I’vegottohandinthisessaybytomorrow.(colloquial)FormalinformalcolloquialGentlemanmanguy,chapImpoverishedpoorWealthyrichIntelligentsmartbrightAutom
5、obilecarTelevisionTVPornographysexToleratestand/bearputupwithEntertainmentplay/gamesfunPleasurefunfunLovelylovelycute2.Laudatory（commendatory）wordsvs.derogatorywords褒貶義Examples:Theyliveinasmalltown.2IcanneverforgetthelittletownwhereIspentmyhappychildhood.Modestandhardworking,hemadeve
6、ryquickprogressatschool.Heismanofmeanbirth.Heispoorbutnotabjectinhismanner.Yournieceimpressedmeassweetand_____.(childlike/childish)Isthat______(elderly/old)gentlemansittingonthebenchyourfather?Youmustbe_____anddowhatyouthinkbest.(resolute/stubborn)Whywereyouso____aboutyourachievement
7、s?(modest/humble)CommendatorywordsderogatorywordsStatesmanpoliticianLittlesmallModesthumbleBeinterestedinbeaddictedtoBeabsorbedinindulgeoneselfinBeengagedinBekeenonInfluenceaffect1.exactnessofwords’meaning準(zhǔn)確Ajudgemustbe_____inthecasehetries.(disinterested/uninterested)Thepresidentspo
8、keonradiotot
