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1、Transcendentalism（1830s-1850s）WhatisTranscendentalism?p56TranscendentalismisthesummitoftheRomanticMovementinthehistoryofAmericanliteratureinthe19thcentury.Transcendentalismhasbeendefinedphilosophicallyas“therecognitioninmanofthecapacityofknowingtruthintuitively”.Transcendentali
2、stsplaceemphasisontheimportanceoftheOver-soul,theindividualandNature.ThemostimportantrepresentativesareRalphWaldoEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau.超驗(yàn)主義(transcendentalism)的核心觀點(diǎn)是主張人能超越感覺和理性而直接認(rèn)識(shí)真理，認(rèn)為人類世界的一切都是宇宙的一個(gè)縮影--"世界將其自身縮小成為一滴露水"（愛默生語(yǔ)）。超驗(yàn)主義者強(qiáng)調(diào)萬(wàn)物本質(zhì)上的統(tǒng)一，萬(wàn)物皆受"超靈"制約，而人類靈魂與"超靈"一致。這種對(duì)人之神
3、圣的肯定使超驗(yàn)主義者蔑視外部的權(quán)威與傳統(tǒng)，依賴自己的直接經(jīng)驗(yàn)。"相信你自己"這句愛默生的名言，成為超驗(yàn)主義者座右銘。這種超驗(yàn)主義觀點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)人的主觀能動(dòng)性，有助于打破加爾文教的"人性惡"、"命定論"等教條的束縛，為熱情奔放，抒發(fā)個(gè)性的浪漫主義文學(xué)奠定了思想基礎(chǔ)。ResourcesA.PuritanheritageP58 Attheendofthe18thcenturypeoplegraduallyfeltboringaboutthestrictCalvinism.Atthesametimewiththedevelopmentofscienceandtec
4、hnology,Americanssuspectedtheoldreligion.Thus,Unitarianism（唯一理教）appeared.ItwasadevelopedschoolfromtheTranscendentalism.Itstressed"continualprogressofmankind"ratherthanoldreligion's"man'stotaldepravity”.ResourcesB.Foreigninfluence GermanPhilosophy,especiallyKant（康德）AncientIndian
5、andChineseworks,suchasConfuciusandMencius P58Oversoul超靈andindividualsoulTheOversoulisanall-pervadingpowerforgoodness,omnipresentandomnipotent,fromwhichallthingscameandofwhichallwereapart.AstheindividualsoulcouldcommunewithGod,itwas,therefore,divine.Withtheassumptionoftheinnate
6、goodnessofhumanity,itheldthattheindividualsoulcouldreachGodwithoutthehelpofchurchesorclergy.Spirit/Oversoulisthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.FeaturesP57Itexistsinnatureandmanalikeandconstitutedtheuniverse.Itisomnipresent(presenteverywhere)andomnipotent(abletodoanything)（anew
7、wayoflookingattheworld）FeaturesTheTranscendentalistsstressedtheimportanceofindividualismTheindividualsoulcommunedwiththeOversoulandwasthereforedivine.Theregenerationofsocietycouldonlycomeaboutthroughtheregenerationoftheindividual.Hisperfectionshouldbethefirstconcernofhislife.Th
8、eidealtypeofmanwastheself-reliantindividual（anewwayofl
