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1、NewEnglandTranscendentalismImportantterms(1)Transcendentalism:TranscendentalismisphilosophicalandliterarymovementthatflourishedinNewEnglandfromabout1836to1860.Itoriginatedamongasmallgroupofintellectualswhowerereactingagainsttheorthodoxy(正統(tǒng)的)ofCalvinismandtherationali
2、smoftheUnitarianChurch(唯一神論教派),developinginsteadtheirownfaithcenteringonthedivinityofhumanityandthenaturalworld.Importantterms(1)TranscendentalismderivedsomeofitsbasicidealisticconceptsfromromanticGermanphilosophy,andfromsuchEnglishauthorsasColeridge,andWordsworth.It
3、smysticalaspectswerepartlyinfluencedbyIndianandChinesereligiousteachings.Importantterms(1)Althoughtranscendentalismwasneverarigorouslysystematicphilosophy,ithadsomebasictenetsthatweregenerallysharedbyitsadherents.ThebeliefsthatGodisimmanentineachpersonandinnature(每人都
4、有內(nèi)在的神性)andthatindividualintuitionisthehighestsourceofknowledgeledtoanoptimisticemphasisonindividualism,self-reliance,andrejectionoftraditionalauthority.Importantterms(1)TheideasoftranscendentalismweremosteloquentlyexpressedbyRalphWaldoEmersoninsuchessaysasNature(1836
5、),andSelf-RelianceandbyHenryDavidThoreauinhisbookWalden.Importantterms(2)Individualism:Individualismisamoral,political,andsocialphilosophy,whichemphasizesindividualliberty,theprimaryimportanceoftheindividual,andthe“virtuesofself-reliance”.Itassumesthatapersoncanbesoc
6、iallyandculturallyfreeofupbringing.Importantterms(2)Individualismclaimstheabilitytooppose“authority”,andtoallmannerofcontrolsovertheindividual(反對一切壓抑個人的支配行為),especiallywhenexercisedbythepoliticalstateor“society”.Itisthusdirectlyopposedtocollectivism(集體主義),socialpsych
7、ologyandsociology,whichconsidertheindividual’srapporttothesocietyorcommunity.Importantterms(3)AmericanRenaissance:ThenameisgiventoaflourishingofdistinctivelyAmericanliteratureintheperiodbeforetheCivilWar.ThisrenaissanceisrepresentedbytheworkofRalphWaldoEmerson,H.D.Th
8、oreau,NathanielHawthorne,HermanMelville,andWaltWhitman.ItsmajorworksareHawthorne’sTheScarletLetter(紅字，1850),Melville‘sMoby-Dick(白鯨，
