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1、腦出血cerebralhemorrhage腦出血cerebralhemorrhage是指原發(fā)性非外傷性腦實質(zhì)內(nèi)出血80%以上由高血壓性腦內(nèi)細小動脈病變引起,固又稱高血壓動脈硬化性腦出血發(fā)病率高,占全部腦卒中20%—30%Hypertensionisthemostcommonunderlyingcauseofnontraumaticintracerebralhemorrhage病因與發(fā)病機制etiopathogenisisandpathogenesy高血壓性腦內(nèi)細小動脈硬化高血壓性腦動脈硬化時可有腦內(nèi)細
2、小動脈透明變性、纖維素樣壞死,病變管壁在血流沖擊下形成微動脈瘤hypertensionappearstopromotestructuralchangesincludinglipohyalinosis,fibrinoidnecrosisandmicroaneurysmformationinthewallsofpinetratingarteries,predisposingthemtointracerebralhemorrhage.導致腦動脈管壁薄弱的其他疾病血液系統(tǒng)疾病腫瘤卒中原因不明病理patholo
3、gy多為腦動脈深穿支破裂所致豆紋動脈最為常見,次為丘腦穿通動脈、基底動脈旁中央支多發(fā)于大腦半球基底核區(qū),次為腦葉、腦干和小腦Mosthypertensivehemorrhagesoriginateincertainareasofpredilection,correspondingtolong,narrow,penetratingarterialbranches.Theseincludethecaudateandputaminalbranchesofthemiddlecerebralarteies(42
4、%);branchesofthebasilararterysupplyingthepons(16%);thalamicbranchesoftheposteriorcerebralarteries(15%);branchesofthesuperiorcerebellararteriessupplyingthedentatenucleiandthedeepwhitematterofthecerbellum(12%);andsomewhitematterbranchesofthecerebralarteri
5、es(10%).出血可直接破壞腦組織血腫擠壓周圍組織,引起腦組織水腫、顱內(nèi)壓增高,嚴重可引起腦疝臨床表現(xiàn)clinicalmanifestation>50歲高血壓患者(hypertensivepatients)突然發(fā)病,迅速達高峰(suddenlyonset)全腦癥狀(globalsymptom)局灶癥狀(focalsymptom)臨床表現(xiàn)clinicalmanifestation殼核出血(putamenhemorrhage)內(nèi)囊外側(cè)型出血,為高血壓性腦出血最常見的類型丘腦出血(thalamichemo
6、rrhage)腦葉出血(lobehemorrhage)腦干出血(brainstemhemorrhage)中腦出血(midbrainhemorrhage)腦橋出血(pontinehemorrhage)延髓出血(medullaoblongatahemorrhage)小腦出血(cerebellarhemorrhage)腦室出血(cerebroventricularhaemorrhage)輔助檢查laboratoryfindings頭顱CT(CTscan)頭顱MIR腦血管造影(cerebralarteriog
7、raphy)DSA、MRA、CTA腰穿腦脊液檢查(lumbarpuncture)血、尿常規(guī)、血糖、電解質(zhì)檢查診斷與鑒別診斷diagnosisanddifferentialdiagnosis大于50歲,多有長期高血壓病史(oldpatientswithhypertension)活動中或情緒激動時突然發(fā)病(suddenlyonset)頭痛、嘔吐、意識障礙等全身癥狀(headache,vomitting,impairmentofconsciousness)偏癱、偏身感覺障礙、失語等局灶神經(jīng)體征(hemipa
8、resis,hemisensorydeficit,hemianopia,aphasia)CT見腦內(nèi)出血病灶(CTfindhematomas)與其他類型腦卒中、腦外傷后硬膜下出血、內(nèi)科疾病鑒別治療treatment控制腦水腫、顱高壓是降低死亡率的關(guān)鍵急性期治療一般治療脫水降顱內(nèi)壓(antiedema)調(diào)控血壓(contralbloodpressure)止血劑和凝血劑(coagulation)手術(shù)治療(surgicalmeasures)并發(fā)癥處理(compl