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1、出血性腦卒中hemorrhagicapoplexy中南大學(xué)湘雅醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科谷文萍WenpingGu,MD.PhD.NeurologyDepartment,XiangyaHospital,centralsouthUniversity腦出血cerebralhemorrhage腦出血cerebralhemorrhage是指原發(fā)性非外傷性腦實質(zhì)內(nèi)出血發(fā)病率高,占全部腦卒中20%—30%80%以上由高血壓性腦內(nèi)細(xì)小動脈病變引起,固又稱高血壓動脈硬化性腦出血Hypertensionisthemostcommonunderlyingcauseofnontraumaticint
2、racerebralhemorrhage病因與發(fā)病機制etiopathogenisisandpathogenesy高血壓性腦內(nèi)細(xì)小動脈硬化高血壓性腦動脈硬化時可有腦內(nèi)細(xì)小動脈透明變性、纖維素樣壞死,病變管壁在血流沖擊下形成微動脈瘤hypertensionappearstopromotestructuralchangesincludinglipohyalinosis,fibrinoidnecrosisandmicroaneurysmformationinthewallsofpinetratingarteries,predisposingthemtointracer
3、ebralhemorrhage.導(dǎo)致腦動脈管壁薄弱(cerebralarteriesvesselwallweak)的其他疾病血液系統(tǒng)疾病(hematologicalsystemdisease)腫瘤卒中(tumorapoplexy)原因不明(unknownaetiology)病理pathology多為腦動脈深穿支破裂所致豆紋動脈最為常見,次為丘腦穿通動脈多發(fā)于大腦半球基底核區(qū),次為腦葉、腦橋、小腦和腦室等Mosthypertensivehemorrhagesoriginateincertainareasofpredilection,correspondingto
4、long,narrow,penetratingarterialbranches.Theseincludethecaudateandputaminalbranchesofthemiddlecerebralarteies(42%);branchesofthebasilararterysupplyingthepons(16%);thalamicbranchesoftheposteriorcerebralarteries(15%);branchesofthesuperiorcerebellararteriessupplyingthedentatenucleiandthe
5、deepwhitematterofthecerbellum(12%);andsomewhitematterbranchesofthecerebralarteries(10%).出血可直接破壞腦組織(hemorrhagetodestroybraintissue)血腫擠壓周圍組織,引起腦組織水腫、顱內(nèi)壓增高,嚴(yán)重可引起腦疝(hematomacrushingsurroundingtissue)臨床表現(xiàn)clinicalmanifestation>50歲高血壓患者(hypertensivepatients)突然發(fā)病,迅速達(dá)高峰(suddenlyonset)全腦癥狀(glo
6、balsymptom)局灶癥狀(focalsymptom)臨床表現(xiàn)clinicalmanifestation基底節(jié)區(qū)出血(basalgangliahemorrhage):50%~60%殼核出血(putamenhemorrhage)內(nèi)囊外側(cè)型出血,為高血壓性腦出血最常見的類型Internalcapsulelateralbleedingisthemostcommontypeofhypertensivecerebralhemorrhage丘腦出血(thalamichemorrhage)尾狀核頭出血(headofcaudatenucleushemorrhage)腦葉出
7、血(lobehemorrhage):5%~10%臨床表現(xiàn)clinicalmanifestation腦干出血(brainstemhemorrhage)中腦出血(midbrainhemorrhage)腦橋出血(pontinehemorrhage):10%延髓出血(medullaoblongatahemorrhage)小腦出血(cerebellarhemorrhage):10%腦室出血(cerebroventricularhaemorrhage):3%~5%輔助檢查laboratoryfindings頭顱CT(CTscan)MIR腦血管造影(cerebralarter
8、iography)MRA