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1、ApproachestotranslationPeterNewmarkContentsPartone:AspectsofTranslationTheory1.Thetheoryandthecraftoftranslation2.Whattranslationtheoryisabout3.CommunicativeandsemantictranslationI4.Thought,speech,andtranslation5.CommunicativeandsemantictranslationII6.Thetranslationofpropernamesandinstitutionalandc
2、ulturalterms7.Thetranslationofmetaphor8.Thetranslationprocessandsynonymy9.TranslationandthemetalingualfunctionoflanguageP3.Inthepre-linguisticsperiodoftranslation,theymakenoattempttodistinguishtypesorqualityoftexts(whicharemainlyBiblicalorliterary),andwhiletheyarestrongontheory,theyareshortonmethod
3、andpracticalexamples.Theyshowagradualtransitionfromanaturalorfreetreatmenttowardsaliteralanalysis,ifnottranslation,oftheoriginal,butthereisnodevelopmentofatheory,andmanyofthewriterswerenotawareofeachother’swork.2.TranslationTheory1.Translationtheory’smainconcernsistodetermineappropriatetranslationm
4、ethodsforthewidestpossiblerangeoftextsortext-categories.Thetheorydemonstratesthepossibletranslationproceduresandthevariousargumentsforandagainsttheuseofonetranslationratherthananotherinaparticularcontext.Notethattranslationtheoryisconcernedwithchoicesanddecisions,notwiththemechanicsofeitherthesourc
5、elanguage(SL)orthetargetlanguage(TL).2.Translationtheoryattemptstogivesomeinsightintotherelationbetweenthought,meaning,andlanguage;theuniversal,cultural,andindividualaspectsoflanguageandbehavior,theunderstandingofcultures;theinterpretationoftextsthatmaybeclarifiedandevensupplementedbywayoftranslati
6、on.P20.Thepracticalproblems:thetranslator’sfirsttaskistounderstandthetext,soitisthebusinessoftranslationtheorytosuggestsomecriteriaandprioritiesforthisanalysis.First,theintentionofatext.Secondly,theintentionofthetranslator.Tirdly,thereaderandthesettingofthetext.Fourthly,thequalityifthewritingandthe
7、authorityofthetext.Ihaveproposedonlytwomethodsoftranslation:a)communicativetranslation,wherethetranslatorattemptstoproducethesameeffectontheTLreadersaswasproducedbytheoriginalontheSLreaders,andb)semantictra
