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1、1LaboratoryDiagnosis2CategoryofSampleBlood,Urine,Stool,nasalwashing,nasalswab,throatswab,saliva,sputum,rectalswab,vesiclefluid(scrapingorswab),tissue,brainbiopsy,cerebrospinalfluid,etal.3LaboratoryDiagnosisMicroscopyIdentificationVirusisolationandidentificationDetectionofviralprot
2、eins(antigensandenzymes)]DetectionofviralgeneticmaterialSerologicprocedures4MicroscopyIdentificationLightmicroscopyFluorescentmicroscopyElectronmicroscopy5LightmicroscopyCharacteristicCPEInclusionBodies6CelldeathCellroundingDegenerationAggregationLossofattachmentstosubstrateCharac
3、teristichistologicalchanges:inclusionbodiesinthenucleusorcytoplasm,marginationofchromatinSyncytia:multinucleatedgiantcellscausedbyvirus-inducedcell-cellfusion7FluorescentmicroscopyFluorescent-antibodystaining8ElectronmicroscopyDirectdetection:Humanrotavirus;HAV;HBV;Smallpoxvirus;H
4、erpesvirus.ImmuneElectronmicroscopy:Humanrotavirus;HAV;9LaboratoryDiagnosisMicroscopyIdentificationVirusisolationandidentificationDetectionofviralproteins(antigensandenzymes)]DetectionofviralgeneticmaterialSerologicprocedures10ViralisolationandIdentificationViralGrowthandCellcultu
5、reViralDetectionViralIdentificationInterpretationofcultureresults11SystemsforthePropagationofVirusesPeopleAnimals:cows,chickens,mice,rats,sucklingmiceEmbryonatedeggsOrganandtissuecultureOrganculturePrimarytissuecultureCelllines:diploidTumoror（immortalized）cellline12ViraldetectionC
6、PEHemadsorptionInterfereMetabolizeofcell13TCID50 (Tissuecultureinfectivedose)TCID50isdefinedasthatdilutionofviruswhichwillcauseCPEin50%ofagivenbatchofcellcultureTCID50=log10ofhighestdilutiongiving100%CPE+1/2–(totalnumberoftestunitsshowingCPE)/(numberoftestunitsperdilution)14Virali
7、dentificationComplementfixation：HemagglutinationinhibitionNeutralizationImmunofluorescence(directorindirect)LatexagglutinationInsituEIAELISARIA(radioimmuno15LaboratoryDiagnosisMicroscopyIdentificationVirusisolationandidentificationDetectionofviralproteins(antigensandenzymes)Detect
8、ionofviralgeneticmaterialSerologi
