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1、淺論傅山四寧四毋摘要?dú)v史的發(fā)展總是有高潮有低谷的，例如唐朝的開元盛世，宋朝文化的開放，但是也有像清朝閉關(guān)鎖國的落后時(shí)期。書法史的發(fā)展也是這樣,漢朝是書法成熟時(shí)期，到東晉時(shí)期書法發(fā)展到歷史最高點(diǎn)，后來到唐朝的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展，中國書法不斷發(fā)展變化。當(dāng)然書法的發(fā)展也離不開政治因素，國家的昌盛以及改朝換代帶來的動亂時(shí)期，都給書法的發(fā)展帶來一定的影響。在明清時(shí)期書法發(fā)展又到了一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)，朝廷的八股取士極大抑制了文人對藝術(shù)的表現(xiàn)。以至于明末清初時(shí)期出現(xiàn)了一批像朱耷、倪元璐、黃道周、王鐸、傅山這樣極具表現(xiàn)力的書家。他們通過個(gè)性張揚(yáng)的草書來宣泄被壓抑的情緒，來表達(dá)對科舉制
2、度以及社會的不滿。由此中國書法在明清時(shí)期又有了不同的表現(xiàn)點(diǎn)。傅山經(jīng)歷了從明朝到清朝的換代，并參與了反清復(fù)明的活動，他被認(rèn)為是明末清初保持民族氣節(jié)的典范人物。顧炎武極服其志節(jié)。傅山一生學(xué)無所不通，經(jīng)史之外，兼通先秦諸子，又長于書畫醫(yī)學(xué)。[1]他對書法的貢獻(xiàn)不僅僅在于給后世留下諸多書法作品，同時(shí)還提出重要的書法理論“四寧四毋”?！八膶幩奈恪辈粌H僅是書法審美的要求，同時(shí)是做人的基本要求。本篇文章重點(diǎn)討論傅山“四寧四毋”對其書法的影響以及所包含的時(shí)代精神。關(guān)鍵詞：傅山；“四寧四毋”；書法；時(shí)代精神AbstractThedevelopmentofhistoryi
3、salwayshavehighlow,forexample,thetangdynastykaiyuan,openthesongdynastyculture,butthere’salsoliketheqingdynastyclosedbehindtheTimes.Thedevelopmentofcalligraphyandsoon,thehandynastycalligraphyismatureperiod,totheperiodofeasternjincalligraphydevelopmenttoall-timehighs,thentothedeve
4、lopmentofthetangdynasty,Chinesecalligraphydevelopmentandchangeconstantly.Thedevelopmentofcalligraphy,ofcourse,alsocannotleavepolitics,thecountry’sprosperityandbringtheturbulentperiodofchange,bringthecertaineffecttothedevelopmentofcalligraphy.Inmingandqingdynastycalligraphydevelo
5、pmentcametoaturningpoint,selectscholarsforpublicofficegreatlyinhibitedtheliteratiintheimperialcourtforartperformance.ThatappearedabatchoflikeZhuDabetweenMingdynastyandearlyqingNiYuanLuHuangDaozhouWangDuoFuShansuchhighlyexpressivecalligrapher.Theythroughtheindividualcharactermake
6、publiccursivescriptforpent-upemotions,toexpressdissatisfactionwiththeimperialexaminationsystemandsocial.TheChinesecalligraphyintheMingandqingdynastieshavedifferentperformance.ResearchedhasexperiencedfromtheMingtotheqingdynasty,andparticipatedintheclearvision,keepthenationalinteg
7、ritybetweenMingdynastyandearlyqingheissupposedtobeamodelofcharacters.Guyanwusuititsinsistence.Researchedlifelearnnothing,bythehistory,andpre-qinscholars,andlongerthanthecalligraphyandpaintingofmedicine.Hiscontributiontothecalligraphyisnotjustabouttoleavefuturegenerationsalotofca
8、lligraphy,butalsoimportantcalligraphytheoryputf
