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1、淺論傅山四寧四毋摘要?dú)v史的發(fā)展總是有高潮有低谷的,例如唐朝的開(kāi)元盛世,宋朝文化的開(kāi)放,但是也有像清朝閉關(guān)鎖國(guó)的落后時(shí)期。書(shū)法史的發(fā)展也是這樣,漢朝是書(shū)法成熟時(shí)期,到東晉時(shí)期書(shū)法發(fā)展到歷史最高點(diǎn),后來(lái)到唐朝的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展,中國(guó)書(shū)法不斷發(fā)展變化。當(dāng)然書(shū)法的發(fā)展也離不開(kāi)政治因素,國(guó)家的昌盛以及改朝換代帶來(lái)的動(dòng)亂時(shí)期,都給書(shū)法的發(fā)展帶來(lái)一定的影響。在明清時(shí)期書(shū)法發(fā)展又到了一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn),朝廷的八股取士極大抑制了文人對(duì)藝術(shù)的表現(xiàn)。以至于明末清初時(shí)期出現(xiàn)了一批像朱耷、倪元璐、黃道周、王鐸、傅山這樣極具表現(xiàn)力的書(shū)家。他們通過(guò)個(gè)性張揚(yáng)的草書(shū)來(lái)宣泄被壓抑的情緒,來(lái)表達(dá)對(duì)科舉制
2、度以及社會(huì)的不滿。由此中國(guó)書(shū)法在明清時(shí)期又有了不同的表現(xiàn)點(diǎn)。傅山經(jīng)歷了從明朝到清朝的換代,并參與了反清復(fù)明的活動(dòng),他被認(rèn)為是明末清初保持民族氣節(jié)的典范人物。顧炎武極服其志節(jié)。傅山一生學(xué)無(wú)所不通,經(jīng)史之外,兼通先秦諸子,又長(zhǎng)于書(shū)畫(huà)醫(yī)學(xué)。[1]他對(duì)書(shū)法的貢獻(xiàn)不僅僅在于給后世留下諸多書(shū)法作品,同時(shí)還提出重要的書(shū)法理論“四寧四毋”?!八膶幩奈恪辈粌H僅是書(shū)法審美的要求,同時(shí)是做人的基本要求。本篇文章重點(diǎn)討論傅山“四寧四毋”對(duì)其書(shū)法的影響以及所包含的時(shí)代精神。關(guān)鍵詞:傅山;“四寧四毋”;書(shū)法;時(shí)代精神AbstractThedevelopmentofhistoryi
3、salwayshavehighlow,forexample,thetangdynastykaiyuan,openthesongdynastyculture,butthere’salsoliketheqingdynastyclosedbehindtheTimes.Thedevelopmentofcalligraphyandsoon,thehandynastycalligraphyismatureperiod,totheperiodofeasternjincalligraphydevelopmenttoall-timehighs,thentothedeve
4、lopmentofthetangdynasty,Chinesecalligraphydevelopmentandchangeconstantly.Thedevelopmentofcalligraphy,ofcourse,alsocannotleavepolitics,thecountry’sprosperityandbringtheturbulentperiodofchange,bringthecertaineffecttothedevelopmentofcalligraphy.Inmingandqingdynastycalligraphydevelo
5、pmentcametoaturningpoint,selectscholarsforpublicofficegreatlyinhibitedtheliteratiintheimperialcourtforartperformance.ThatappearedabatchoflikeZhuDabetweenMingdynastyandearlyqingNiYuanLuHuangDaozhouWangDuoFuShansuchhighlyexpressivecalligrapher.Theythroughtheindividualcharactermake
6、publiccursivescriptforpent-upemotions,toexpressdissatisfactionwiththeimperialexaminationsystemandsocial.TheChinesecalligraphyintheMingandqingdynastieshavedifferentperformance.ResearchedhasexperiencedfromtheMingtotheqingdynasty,andparticipatedintheclearvision,keepthenationalinteg
7、ritybetweenMingdynastyandearlyqingheissupposedtobeamodelofcharacters.Guyanwusuititsinsistence.Researchedlifelearnnothing,bythehistory,andpre-qinscholars,andlongerthanthecalligraphyandpaintingofmedicine.Hiscontributiontothecalligraphyisnotjustabouttoleavefuturegenerationsalotofca
8、lligraphy,butalsoimportantcalligraphytheoryputf