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1、第二講語(yǔ)言之結(jié)構(gòu)與功能語(yǔ)言之結(jié)構(gòu)層次：語(yǔ)音、詞匯、句子、語(yǔ)篇音素（phoneme)，語(yǔ)言之最小單位。區(qū)分音素之標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，最小區(qū)別（minimumdifference)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Sip/sibbit/bidfit/fatbig/bag詞匯，也包含習(xí)語(yǔ)、成語(yǔ)。詞匯可進(jìn)行兩種意義區(qū)分。形式區(qū)分，區(qū)分詞類。語(yǔ)意區(qū)分，對(duì)詞匯進(jìn)行歸類。例如：Entities(實(shí)體類):man,child,house,treeActivities(活動(dòng)類):eat,think,work,walkCharacteristics(特征類):good,bad,swift,possible,true,beautifulRela
2、tions(關(guān)系類):in,through,during,because區(qū)分性特征分析(distinctivefeaturesanalysis)Vowlconsonantvoicefrontal/t/:-+-+humanadultmalefemaleMan+++-Woman++-+Boy+-+-Girl+--+句法關(guān)系分兩大類：橫組合關(guān)系（syntagmaticrelations）與縱聚合關(guān)系（paradigmaticrelations橫組合關(guān)系：Theoldmanhobbledintothestore.縱聚合關(guān)系：TheboyranoutAchildwalkedinThisman
3、rodethroughThatballrolledaroundRomanJakobson提出言語(yǔ)交際六要素：Addresser(說(shuō)者）listener(聽(tīng)者)message(訊息)context(背景)code(符碼)contact(接觸)Jakobson提出語(yǔ)言之六功能：1.Referential/informativefunctionTodayisabrightday.Thereisacomputeronthedesk.Adogischasingacat.2.ExpressivefunctionMyluveislikeared,redrose.3.Conative/vocati
4、vefunctionDrink!/Eat!/Standup!A:Shallwegooutforawalk?B:Thegroundisalreadywet.今天下三分，益州疲敝，此誠(chéng)危急存亡之秋也。然而侍衛(wèi)之臣不懈于內(nèi)，忠志之士忘身于外者，蓋追先帝之殊遇，欲報(bào)之于陛下也。誠(chéng)宜開(kāi)張圣聽(tīng)，以光先帝之遺志，恢弘志士之氣，不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失義，以塞忠諫之路也?！肚俺鰩煴怼?.PhaticfunctionHello,doyouhearme?Areyoulistening?Lendmeyourears.5.Meta-linguisticfunctionIdon’tfollowyou.Wha
5、tdoyoumeanbythat?DoyouknowwhatImean?6.Aesthetic/poeticfunction定義：ThesettowardtheMESSAGEassuch,focusonthemessageforitsownsake,isthepoeticfunctionoflanguage.Theset主趨向Thedominant主因‘Twasbrilling,andtheslithytovesDidgyreandgimbleinthewabeAllmimsywerebororovesAndthemomerathsoutgrabeBewaretheJabberwo
6、ck,mysonThejawsthatbite,andtheclawsthatcatchBewarethejubjubbird,andshunThefrumiousBandersnatchfromThroughtheLookingGlass野望杜甫西山白雪三城戍南浦清江萬(wàn)里橋海內(nèi)風(fēng)塵諸弟隔天涯涕淚一聲遙惟將遲暮共多病未有涓埃答圣朝跨馬出郊時(shí)極目不堪人事日蕭條Tiger!Tiger!BurningbrightIntheforestofthenightWilliamBlake星羅棋布Scatteredalloverlikestarsintheskyormenonachessboard水
7、落石出Whenthewatersubsidestherocksemerge
