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1、英美詩歌選讀第八講敘事詩 第一節(jié)史詩 史詩可分為三種,即史詩(epic),戲擬史詩(epicsatire)和英雄敘事詩(heroicnarrative)。 一、史詩 史詩指一種宏篇巨制且自成一卷的敘事詩,用高雅的語言敘述英雄的事跡,風(fēng)格莊嚴(yán)華美,多用精巧的修辭手法,如史詩明喻等。早期詩史多為民族傳奇,往往被看成是一個(gè)民族的偉大文化財(cái)富之一,如英國民族史詩《貝奧武甫》(Beowulf)即是如此。其他史詩有斯賓塞的《仙后》(TheFaerieQueen,1590~1596),賈爾斯?弗萊徹(GilesFletcher,1586-1623)
2、的《基督的勝利》(ChristsVictorie,andTriumphinHeaven,andEarth,over,andafterDeath,1610),彌爾頓的《失樂園》(ParadiseLost,1667)、《復(fù)樂園》(ParadiseRegained,1671)。布萊克的《彌爾頓》也可以看作是一部史詩。 《貝奧武甫》現(xiàn)代譯文第735行~第766行描述了貝奧武甫在鹿廳與巨怪葛婪代的激戰(zhàn): Mightyandcanny, Hegylac’skinsmanwaskeenlywatching forthefirstmovethemon
3、sterwouldmake. Nordidthecreaturekeephimwaiting butstrucksuddenlyandstartedin; hegrabbedandmauledamanonhisbench, bitintohisbone-lappings,bolteddownhisblood andgorgedonhiminlumps,leavingthebody utterlylifeless,eatenup handandfoot.Venturingcloser, histalonwasraisedtoat
4、tackBeowulf wherehelayonthebed,hewasbearingin withopenclawwhenthealerthero’s comebackandarmlockforestalledhimutterly. Thecaptainofevildiscoveredhimself inahandgripharderthananything Hehadeverencounteredinanyman onthefaceoftheearth.Everyboneinhisbody quailedandrecoil
5、ed,buthecouldnotescape. Hewasdesperatetofleetohisdenandhide withthedevil’slitter,forinallhisdays hehadneverbeenclampedorcorneredlikethis. ThenHygelac’strustyretainerrecalled hisbedtimespeech,sprangtohisfeet andgotafirmhold.Fingerswerebursting, themonsterback-tracking
6、,themanoverpowering. Thedreadofthelandwasdesperatetoescape, totakearoundaboutandflee tohislairinthefens.Thelatchingpower inhisfingersweakened;itwastheworsttrip theterror-mongerhadtakentoHeorot.[1] ?。˙eowulf,aversetranslationbySeamusHeaney) 斯賓塞《仙后》的內(nèi)容如詩人在卷首序詩所言,“激烈的戰(zhàn)斗和
7、忠貞的愛情將是我歌的主旨”,其內(nèi)容之一是對(duì)頗有作為的伊麗莎白女王的歌頌,表現(xiàn)民族主義的自豪。第一章一開始就開門見山地講一位騎士的故事,第二詩節(jié)如下: ButonhisbrestabloudieCrossehebore, ThedeareremembranceofhisdyingLord, Forwhosesweetesakethatgloriousbadgehewore, Anddeadaslivingeverhimadored: Uponhisshieldethelikewasalsoscored, Forsoveraineho
8、pe,whichinhishelpehehad: Rightfaithfultruehewasindeedeandword, Butofhischeeredid