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1、SourcesofFlexibilityinHumanCognition:DualTaskStudiesofSpaceandLanguageStephanieLiddandJamieTauberLindaHermer-Vasquez,ElizabethS.SpelkeandAllaS.KatsnelsonHumanNavigationAbilitiesTwouniquefeaturesCapableofdeadreckoningGreatflexibilityDisorientationCanreorientthemselvesafterdisorientati
2、onHow?ChengExperiments(1986)Testedrats’abilitiestofindfoodafterdisorientationRatswenttothecorrectcornerandthegeometricequivalentatequallyhighratesDespitedifferencesinnon-geometriccues(e.g.brightness,pattern,andodor)Conclusion:Ratsreorientinaccordancewithenvironmentshape(geometricmodu
3、le)Hermer,Spelke:OrientationAbilitiesinChildren(18-24Months)SimilartoCheng’sexperimentSearchedforhiddenobjectinallwhiteroom,thenroomwithonebluewallSearchedbothcornersequallyinallwhiteroomFailedtousenon-geometricproperty(bluewall)asawayofnavigation(likeadultrats)ResultsforChengandHerm
4、er&SpelkeHermerandSpelke:AdultDisorientationConductedsameexperimentusingadultsAdultscheckedgeometricallyequivalentcornersinwhiteroomWereabletousethebluewallasawayoforientingthemselvesandfindingtheobject(usednon-geometric)Hermer(1994):DisorientationinChildren(3-7years)Describedpositio
5、noftheobjectasbehindcoloredwallortotheleftorrightChildren4+weresuccessfulindescribingtheobjectspositionbehindthewallChildren6+wereabletodescribethepositionas‘left’or‘right’ofthewallHermer(1997)SpatialLanguageinChildren5-7yearsTestedchildren’sabilitiestousespatiallanguageCorrelationbe
6、tweenspatiallanguageandabilitytousenon-geometriclandmarkstolocateobjectsCausationBetweenSpatialLanguageandDevelopmentofSpatialPerformancePossibilitiesThreepossibilitiesIndependent,butdevelopmentallylinkedDependonacommonfactorDevelopmentofspatiallanguageproduceschangeinspatialrelation
7、sExperiment1SimilartoCheng’sExperimentWhiteroomandroomwithabluewallTestedagainineachroomwith‘verbalshadowing’:repeatingatape-recordedproseNon-shadowingconditionshad‘whitenoise’playingDisoriented(spunaround)beforeeachtrialDiagramofChamberUsedResultsExperiment2AVisualExperimentationwit
8、h3conditions
