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1、專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)材料2011.1.192A401上午9:00~10:45簡(jiǎn)答：2.PoliticsandAdministrationFrankJ.GoodnowThereare,then,inallgovernmentalsystemstwoprimaryorultimatefunctionsofgovernment,viz.theexpressionofthewillofthestateandtheexecutionofthatwill.Therearealsoinallstatesseparateorgans,
2、eachofwhichismainlybusiedwiththedischargeofoneofthesefunctions.Thesefunctionsare,respectively,PoliticsandAdminis-tration.(p34)因此，在所有的政府體制中都存在著兩種主要的或基本的政府職能，即國(guó)家意志的表達(dá)職能和國(guó)家意志的執(zhí)行職能。在所有的國(guó)家中都存在著分立的機(jī)關(guān)，每個(gè)分立的機(jī)關(guān)都用它們的大部分時(shí)間行使著兩種職能中的一種。這兩種職能分別就是：政治與行政。Actualpoliticalnece
3、ssityhoweverrequiresthatthereshallbeharmonybetweentheexpressionandexecutionofthestatewill.(p35)然而，實(shí)際政治的需要卻要求國(guó)家意志的表達(dá)與執(zhí)行之間協(xié)調(diào)一致。3.ScientificManagementFrederickW.Taylor(1)Todevelopasciencetoreplacetheoldrule-of-thumbknowledge.(2)Thescientificselectionoftheworkme
4、nandhisdevelopment.(3)Thebringingofthescienceandthescientificallyselectedandtrainedworkmentogether.(4)Analmostequaldivisionoftheactualworkoftheestablishmentbetweentheworkmenandthemanagement.5.NotesontheTheoryofOrganizationLutherGulickTherearethreeclearlimita
5、tionsbeyondwhichthedivisionofworkcannottoadvantagego.Thefirstispracticalandarisesfromthevolumeofworkinvolvedinman-hours.Thesecondlimitationarisesfromtechnologyandcustomatagiventimeandplace.Thethirdlimitationisthatthesubdivisionofworkmustnotpassbeyondphysical
6、divisionintoorganicdivision.(p58)分工有三個(gè)明顯的限制，超過(guò)這些限制分工就不能有利地進(jìn)行。首先是實(shí)際工作中限制，是由與人員和工作時(shí)間有關(guān)的工作量產(chǎn)生的。第二種限制是由某一時(shí)刻和某一地點(diǎn)的技術(shù)和習(xí)慣造成的。第三種限制在于，越來(lái)越細(xì)的分工不能超出身體分工的范圍變成器管的分工。Beforedoingthis,however,itisnecessarytohaveaclearpictureofthejobitself.Thisbringsusdirectlytothequestion,“
7、Whatistheworkofthechiefexecutive?Whatdoeshedo?”.TheanswerisPOSDCORB.POSDCORBis,ofcourse,amade-upworddesignedtocallattentiontothevariousfunctionalelementsoftheworkofachiefexecutivebecause“administration”and“management”havelostallspecificcontent.POSDCORBismade
8、upoftheinitialsandstandsforthefollowingactivities:Planning,thatisworkingoutinbroadoutlinethethingsthatneedtobedoneandthemethodsfordoingthemtoaccomplishthepurposesetfortheenterprise;Organizing,th
