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1、AttributiveClausesI.英漢定語結(jié)構(gòu)的對比?英語的定語從句呈右開放狀,從理論上講,一個句子可以向右無限擴(kuò)展。ThisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethecakethatwasputinthehousethatJackbuilt.?漢語沒有定語從句之說,作為修飾成分的定語習(xí)慣上放在被修飾詞之前(左邊),用“、、、、、、的”結(jié)構(gòu)表現(xiàn),呈左封閉狀。這就是那只捕殺了偷吃了放在杰克修建的房間里的蛋糕的老鼠的貓。?如果“、、、、、、的、、、、、、的”太多,就會不知所云,影響對整個句子的理解。這就是那只捕殺了老鼠的貓。老鼠偷吃了放在屋里的
2、蛋糕。屋子是杰克蓋的。II.限制性定語從句1.合并法(combination):在定語從句較短的情況下(一般在10個詞之內(nèi)),將定語從句合并于主句,用“、、、、、、的”結(jié)構(gòu)譯出。1)Thepeoplewhoworkedforhimlivedinmortalfearofhim.2)Pollutionisapressingproblemwhichwemustdealwith.3)JulyandAugustarethemonthswhentheweatherishot.4)Intheroomwheretheelectroniccomputeriskept,theremustbe
3、nodustatall.2.分譯法(division):即化整為零,分別翻譯。這種方法比較適合長而復(fù)雜的定語從句。分譯時,可以重復(fù)先行詞。1)Eachdaywemakechoicesthataffectourlivesandsometimesthelivesofothers.2)TheyarestrivingfortheidealwhichisclosetotheheartofeveryChineseandforwhich,inthepast,manyChinesehavelaiddowntheirlives.3)Betweenthesetwoparticles,thep
4、rotonandtheelectron,thereisapowerfulattractionthatisalwayspresentbetweennegativeandpositiveelectriccharges.4)Newtoninventedapaperlanternilluminatedbyacandlewhichhecarriedwithhimtolighthiswaytoschoolondarkwintermornings.在主題明確的情況下,也可以不重復(fù)先行詞。5)Late19thcenturysawalluniversitiesintheUnitedStat
5、esadoptthecreditsystem,whichbenefitedstudentsagreatdeal.6)Hemanagedtoraiseacropof200miracletomatoesthatweigheduptotwopoundseach.7)Afuelisamaterialwhichwillburnatareasonabletemperatureandproduceheat.8)Theyworkedoutanewmethodbywhichproductionhasnowbeenrapidlyincreased.3.混合法(mixture):即打破原文的定
6、語結(jié)構(gòu),根據(jù)對原文的理解,用自己的話譯出原文的意思。1)Thereweremeninthatcrowdwhohadstoodthereeverydayforamonth.2)Thereisamandownstairswhowantstoseeyou.3)Fortunately,therearesomechemicalfuelsthatarecleanandsmokeless.4)Therearesomemetalswhichpossessthepowertoconductelectricityandtheability3tobemagnetized.有時候,有些英語復(fù)句中
7、主句結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,重心在定語從句上。在這種情況下,可將主句壓縮成一個單句的主語,將定語從句譯作謂語。1)Weareanationthatmustbegtostayalive.2)Americanshaveagreatrangeofcustomsandhabitsthatatfirstmayseempuzzlingtoavisitor.3)Weusedaplaneofwhichalmosteverypartcarriedsomeidentificationofnationalidentity.4)Goodclockshavepend