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1、Unit24TheCulturalPatterningofTimeInhisbookTheSilentlanguage,anthropologistEdawadHalltheorizesthatperceptionsoftimeandspacearedifferentindifferentcultureandthattheseperceptionareculturallypatterned.Hallcalledthesedimensionsofculture"outofawareness",becausepeoplearenotconsci
2、ousofhavinglearnedthem.Itmaywellbeturethatmostimportantaspectsofculture,suchasourperceptionsofphysicalenvironmentofourfoodtastes,arelearned"outofawareness".Andcertianlyourperceptionsoftimeandspaceareamongthemostdeeplyinstilled灌輸、灌注ofourculturalvalues.Forexample,menbersofmo
3、dern,industrializesWesternsocietiesareconditioned使(本身或別人)習(xí)慣于;適應(yīng)toviewtimespaceandmatterinNewtonianterms.SirIsaacNewton,theseventeenth-centuryEnglishscientist,teansformedmathematicsandsciencetosuchanextentthateventhoughwemaynotbeabletolistoraxplainhisdiscoveries,weareinflue
4、ncedthem.Newtonformulated用公式表述或簡述、用系統(tǒng)的概念或術(shù)語闡述;規(guī)劃或構(gòu)想severallawsofmotionthatarebasictotheWestern'sunderstandingoftheuniverse,continuesatrestorinuniformmotioninastraightlineunlessitiscompelledtochangethatstatebyotherforcesactinguponit.Thisnotionalsounderlies成為…的根據(jù)/基礎(chǔ);解釋thecon
5、ceptoftimeinWesternculture,andtoWesternersitappearsthatitshouldbeanintuitiveconceptoftimesheredbyallpeopleeverywhere,Butasanthropologistshavedemonstratedthroughtheirstudiesofothercultures,theseNewtonian"laws"arenotuniversal.Theyareinstilledbyaspecificculture,thoughtsystem,
6、andlanguage.在著作《無聲的語言》中,人類學(xué)家愛德華霍爾的理論認(rèn)為不同文化觀念的人對時間和空間的看法是不同的?;魻枌⑦@些維度的文化稱為“無意識”,因?yàn)槿藗冊趯W(xué)習(xí)他們的時候是潛移默化的。很可能文化真正的最重要的方面,比如我對食物的味道的生理認(rèn)知,也來自于“無意識”。我們對時間和空間的看法深深來自我們文化價值觀的灌輸。例如,現(xiàn)代工業(yè)化西方社會的成員習(xí)慣于從牛頓的時空物質(zhì)觀來看待世界。17世紀(jì)的英國科學(xué)家艾薩克·牛頓爵士將數(shù)學(xué)和科學(xué)發(fā)展到如此程度,即使我們可能無法羅列或者解釋他的發(fā)現(xiàn),我們也深受其影響。牛頓制定了幾個基本的西方人理解宇宙
7、的運(yùn)動定律,即物體會繼續(xù)靜止或勻速直線運(yùn)動,除非它因?yàn)槠渌Ρ黄雀淖冞@一狀態(tài)。這個概念也成了西方文化中時間概念的根基。西方人認(rèn)為這種時間概念應(yīng)該被所有地方的所有人所接受。但人類學(xué)家已經(jīng)通過對其他文化的研究認(rèn)識到這些牛頓“法則”并不是普遍的。他們被一個特定的文化、思想體系和語言所灌輸。"Timeishuman,natureknowsonlychange."Infact,"tellingtime"isastrictlyhumaninvention.Allcultureshavesomesystemofmeasuringduration,orke
8、epingtime,butinwesternindustrializedsocieties,wekeeptrackoftimeinwhatseemstootherpeoplesa