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1、ChapterTwoTheoriesofHumanDevelopmentDr.MarthaPelaezTheNatureofScientificTheoriesAscientifictheoryisasetofconceptsandpropositionsthatorganize,describe,andexplainasetofobservations.Agoodtheorymustbe:Parsimonious–concise,usingfewexplanatoryprinciplestoexplainabroadsetofobservationsTheNatureofScientif
2、icTheoriesFalsifiable–capableofmakingpredictionsaboutthefuturethatcanbeconfirmedordisconfirmedHeuristic–stimulatesnewresearch,buildsonexistingknowledgebygeneratingtestablehypothesesQuestionsandControversiesaboutHumanDevelopmentPerhapsnotheoreticalcontroversyhasbeenmoreheatedthanthenature/nurtureis
3、sue.Thisisthedebateamongdevelopmentaltheoristsabouttherelativeimportanceofbiologicalpredispositions(nature)andenvironmentalinfluences(nurture)asdeterminantsofhumandevelopment.TheActive/PassiveIssueArechildrencurious/activecreatureswholargelydeterminehowagentsofsocietytreatthem?Oraretheypassivesoul
4、sonwhomsocietyfixesitsstamp?Thisisthedebateamongdevelopmentaltheoristsaboutwhetherchildrenareactivecontributorstotheirowndevelopmentor,rather,passiverecipientsofenvironmentalinfluence.TheContinuity/DiscontinuityIssueContinuitytheoristsviewdevelopmentasanadditiveprocessthatoccursgraduallyandcontinu
5、ouslywithoutsuddenchanges.Thesetheoriststhinkthatdevelopmentalchangesarebasicallyquantitativeinnature.Discontinuitytheoristsdescribetheroadtomaturityasaseriesofabruptchanges,orstages.Theyportraydevelopmentasasequenceofqualitativechanges.ThePsychoanalyticViewpointThepsychoanalytictheoryofSigmundFre
6、ud(1856-1939)changedourthinkingaboutdevelopingchildren.Freudbelievedthathumanshaveunconsciousmotivesthatarerepressed.Asbiologicalcreatures,wehavebasicsexualandaggressiveinstinctsthatmustbeserved.PsychosexualTheoryFreud’spsychosexualtheorystatesthatmaturationofthesexinstinctunderliesstagesofpersona
7、litydevelopmentandthatthemannerinwhichparentsmanagetheirchildren’sinstinctualimpulsesdeterminesthetraitsthatchildrendisplay.ComponentsofPersonalityFreud’stheoryspecifiesthatthreecomponentsofpersonalitydevelopandg
