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1、ChapterFivePolitenessPrincipleandFaceTheoryContentsI.ApproachestopolitenessII.Leech’sPolitenessPrincipleIII.Brown&Levinson’sFaceTheoryI.Approachestopoliteness甲：還在吃飯？乙：今天吃得晚點，散步？甲：買菜？乙：嘿，你也買菜？A：Goodmorning,John.B：Goodmorning,Mary.3JennyThomas'opinionaboutpolitness
2、1.Politenessasareal-worldgoal:agenuinedesiretobeniceorpleasanttoothers,ortheunderlyingmotivationforanindividual’slinguisticbehavior禮貌所體現(xiàn)的是交際的一種現(xiàn)實目的2.Politenessasdeference:respectpaidtothosewithahighersocialstatus,greaterageorthelike禮貌就是對他人表示敬意或敬重4?3.Politenessasa
3、nutterance-levelphenomenon:concernedwiththestudyofformsavailableforperformingparticularspeechactspolitelyandtheperceptionofpoliteness?禮貌是一種話語現(xiàn)象?4.Politenessasapragmaticphenomenon:Leech’sPolitenessPrinciple,andBrownandLevinson’sFaceTheory?禮貌是一種語用現(xiàn)象pragmaticscalevi
4、ew語用等級觀conversational-contractview會話契約觀face-managementview面子維護觀conversational-maximview會話準則觀5Lakoff的禮貌三規(guī)則?規(guī)則一:不要強加于人?適用于交際雙方權(quán)勢和地位不均等的場合,如學生和老師,雇主和雇員之間?規(guī)則二:給對方留有余地和空間?適用于交際雙方權(quán)力地位平等,但社會關(guān)系不密切的場合,如商人與顧客?規(guī)則三:增進相互之間的友情?適用于好友、戀人之間6II.Leech’sPolitenessPrinciple英國語言學家利奇(L
5、eech,1983)將語用原則分為“人際修辭”(interpersonalrhetoric)和“篇章修辭”(textualrhetoric)兩大類,他的“修辭”指的是交際中有效的運用語言,它由交際雙方所遵循的原則和準則組成,準則是原則所包含的較具體的范疇。而禮貌原則則屬于人際修辭的范疇。PolitenessprincipleisanecessarycomplementthatmayrescuetheCPfromserioustroubleintheorizing.71.Leech’sapproachtopolitenes
6、s?LeechformulatesthePPinbothpositiveandnegativeforms:?(a)maximizetheexpressionofpolitebeliefs;?(b)minimizetheexpressionofimpolitebeliefs.8Leech禮貌原則的六個次準則1得體準則tactmaxim利益分配2慷慨準則Generositymaxim3贊譽準則approbationmaxim評價4謙虛準則modestymaxim5一致準則agreementmaxim對待他人的態(tài)度6同情準則s
7、ympathymaxim9Tactmaxim(得體準則,策略準則)減少表達有損于他人的觀點(indirectivesandcommissives)(a)Minimizethecosttoothers;使他人受損最小(b)Maximizethebenefittoothers;使他人受惠最大Examples:?Woulditbepossibleforyoutolendmeyourcar??Couldyoulendmeyourcar??Willyoulendmeyourcar??Lendmeyourcar.?Youmustle
8、ndmeyourcar.10Generositymaxim(寬宏準則，慷慨準則)減少表達利己的觀點(indirectivesandcommissives)(a)Minimizethebenefittoself;盡量讓自己少收益(b)Maximizethecosttoself;盡量讓自己多吃虧Examples:—You
