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1、ChapterFivePolitenessPrincipleandFaceTheoryContentsI.ApproachestopolitenessII.Leech’sPolitenessPrincipleIII.Brown&Levinson’sFaceTheoryI.Approachestopoliteness甲：還在吃飯？乙：今天吃得晚點(diǎn)，散步？甲：買菜？乙：嘿，你也買菜？A：Goodmorning,John.B：Goodmorning,Mary.3JennyThomas'opinionabout
2、politness1.Politenessasareal-worldgoal:agenuinedesiretobeniceorpleasanttoothers,ortheunderlyingmotivationforanindividual’slinguisticbehavior禮貌所體現(xiàn)的是交際的一種現(xiàn)實(shí)目的2.Politenessasdeference:respectpaidtothosewithahighersocialstatus,greaterageorthelike禮貌就是對(duì)他人表示敬意或敬
3、重4?3.Politenessasanutterance-levelphenomenon:concernedwiththestudyofformsavailableforperformingparticularspeechactspolitelyandtheperceptionofpoliteness?禮貌是一種話語現(xiàn)象?4.Politenessasapragmaticphenomenon:Leech’sPolitenessPrinciple,andBrownandLevinson’sFaceTheor
4、y?禮貌是一種語用現(xiàn)象pragmaticscaleview語用等級(jí)觀conversational-contractview會(huì)話契約觀face-managementview面子維護(hù)觀conversational-maximview會(huì)話準(zhǔn)則觀5Lakoff的禮貌三規(guī)則?規(guī)則一:不要強(qiáng)加于人?適用于交際雙方權(quán)勢(shì)和地位不均等的場(chǎng)合,如學(xué)生和老師,雇主和雇員之間?規(guī)則二:給對(duì)方留有余地和空間?適用于交際雙方權(quán)力地位平等,但社會(huì)關(guān)系不密切的場(chǎng)合,如商人與顧客?規(guī)則三:增進(jìn)相互之間的友情?適用于好友、戀人之間6II.
5、Leech’sPolitenessPrinciple英國語言學(xué)家利奇(Leech,1983)將語用原則分為“人際修辭”(interpersonalrhetoric)和“篇章修辭”(textualrhetoric)兩大類,他的“修辭”指的是交際中有效的運(yùn)用語言,它由交際雙方所遵循的原則和準(zhǔn)則組成,準(zhǔn)則是原則所包含的較具體的范疇。而禮貌原則則屬于人際修辭的范疇。PolitenessprincipleisanecessarycomplementthatmayrescuetheCPfromserioustrou
6、bleintheorizing.71.Leech’sapproachtopoliteness?LeechformulatesthePPinbothpositiveandnegativeforms:?(a)maximizetheexpressionofpolitebeliefs;?(b)minimizetheexpressionofimpolitebeliefs.8Leech禮貌原則的六個(gè)次準(zhǔn)則1得體準(zhǔn)則tactmaxim利益分配2慷慨準(zhǔn)則Generositymaxim3贊譽(yù)準(zhǔn)則approbationma
7、xim評(píng)價(jià)4謙虛準(zhǔn)則modestymaxim5一致準(zhǔn)則agreementmaxim對(duì)待他人的態(tài)度6同情準(zhǔn)則sympathymaxim9Tactmaxim(得體準(zhǔn)則,策略準(zhǔn)則)減少表達(dá)有損于他人的觀點(diǎn)(indirectivesandcommissives)(a)Minimizethecosttoothers;使他人受損最小(b)Maximizethebenefittoothers;使他人受惠最大Examples:?Woulditbepossibleforyoutolendmeyourcar??Couldy
8、oulendmeyourcar??Willyoulendmeyourcar??Lendmeyourcar.?Youmustlendmeyourcar.10Generositymaxim(寬宏準(zhǔn)則，慷慨準(zhǔn)則)減少表達(dá)利己的觀點(diǎn)(indirectivesandcommissives)(a)Minimizethebenefittoself;盡量讓自己少收益(b)Maximizethecosttoself;盡量讓自己多吃虧Examples:—You
