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1、Chapter4HanJ.VermeerSkoposTheoryGuidedReadingInthedevelopmentoffunctionalistapproachestotranslation,SkopostheoryputforwardbyVerneerhasplayedamajorrole.Vemeer,whohadbeentrainedasaninterpreterbyReiss,wasdissatisfiedwiththelinguistic-orientedtranslationtheo
2、ry,becauseinhisviewtranslatingis"notmerelyandnotevenprimarilyalinguisticprocess",andtranslation(includinginterpreting)isonly"atypeoftransferwherecommunicativeverbalandnon-verbalsignsaretransferredfromonelanguageintoanother"(Nord1997:11).Forvermeer,transl
3、ationisatypeofhumanaction,anintentional,purposefulbehaviorthattakesplaceinagivensituation.Itisaformoftranslationalactionbasedonasourcetext.Heholdsthatanyactionhasanaim,apurpose,sodoestranslationactivitytheGreekword"skopos",whichwasintroducedintotranslati
4、ontheorybyVermeerinthe1970s,isatechniquetermforthegoalorpurposeofatranslation,i.e.Whatatranslatorisaimingatinthetranslationprocess.Theskopostheoryholdsthat"thewaythetargettexteventuallyshapesupisdeterminedtoagreatextentbythefunction,or'skopos',intendedfo
5、ritinthetargetcontext"(Hatim2005:74).Asaresult,itistheskopos(thepurpose)ofthetranslationwhichdeterminesthetranslationmethodsandstrategiesthatatranslatormayadoptinordertoproduceafunctionallyadequatetranslation.ThereareanothertwoimportantfactorsinVermeer's
6、skopostheory.Oneistheaddressee,i.etheintendedreceiverofthetargettext,whodeterminesthepurposeofatranslation.Forvermeer,"Everytranslationisdirectedatanintendedaudience,sincetotranslatemeans'toproduceatextinatargetsettingforatargetpurposeandtargetaddressees
7、intargetcircumstances'"(Nord1997:12).Anotheristhemuchlowerstatusofthesourcetext,whichisregardedjustasan"offerofinformation"fromwhichatranslatorselectswhatismostusefulandimportanttohistranslationpurpose.AtargettextisconsideredbyVermeeranofferofinformation
8、使形成固定格式，使公式化；系統(tǒng)地闡述，確切地表達(dá)；規(guī)劃；構(gòu)想出formulatedbyatranslatorinatargetcultureandlanguageaboutanofferofinformationformulatedbysomeoneelseinthesourcecultureandlanguage.Vermeerinhispaper"Framework框架，體系；參照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)foraGeneralTranslationTheo
